History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups

History of Papermaking From Papyrus to Dixie Cups The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus, which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. However, true paper is made of pulped cellulose fibers like wood, cotton or flax. First There Was Papyrus Papyrus is made from the sliced sections of the flower stem of the papyrus plant, pressed together and dried, and then used from writing or drawing. Papyrus appeared in Egypt around 2400 B.C. Then There Was Paper A courtier named Tsai-Lun, from Lei-yang in China, was the first recorded inventor of paper circa 105 A.D. Tsai-Lun presented paper and a papermaking process to the Chinese Emperor and that was noted in the imperial court records. There may have been papermaking in China earlier than the above date, but inventor Tsai-Lun did much for the spread of papermaking technology in China. Chinese Papermaking The ancient Chinese first made paper in the following fashion. Plant fibers such as hemp were soaked and beaten into a sludgeThe sludge was strained through a cloth sieve attached to a frame that also served as a drying platform for the resulting paper Newsprint Charles Fenerty of Halifax made the first paper from wood pulp (newsprint) in 1838. Charles Fenerty was helping a local paper mill maintain an adequate supply of rags to make paper when he succeeded in making paper from wood pulp. He neglected to patent his invention and others did patent papermaking processes based on wood fiber. Corrugated Papermaking - Cardboard In 1856, Englishmen, Healey and Allen, received a patent for the first corrugated or pleated paper. The paper was used to line mens tall hats. American, Robert Gair promptly invented the corrugated cardboard box in 1870. These were pre-cut flat pieces manufactured in bulk that opened up and folded into boxes. On December 20, 1871, Albert Jones of New York NY, patented a stronger corrugated paper (cardboard) used as a shipping material for bottles and glass lanterns. In 1874, G. Smyth built the first single sided corrugated board making machine. Also in 1874, Oliver Long improved upon the Jones patent and invented a lined corrugated cardboard. Paper Bags The first recorded historical reference to grocery paper bags was made in 1630. The use of paper sacks only really started to take off during the Industrial Revolution: between 1700 and 1800. Margaret Knight (1838-1914) was an employee in a paper bag factory when she invented a new machine part to make square bottoms for paper bags. Paper bags had been more like envelopes before. Knight can be considered the mother of the grocery bag, she founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870. On February 20, 1872, Luther Crowell also patented a machine that manufactured paper bags. Paper Plates Paper foodservice disposables products were first made at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper plate was the first single-use foodservice product invented in 1904. Dixie Cups Hugh Moore was an inventor who owned a paper cup factory, located next door to the Dixie Doll Company. The word Dixie was printed on the doll companys front door. Moore saw the word every day, which reminded him of dixies, the ten-dollar bank notes from a New Orleans bank that had the French word dix printed on the face of the bill. The bank had a great reputation in the early 1800s. Moore decided that dixies was a great name. After getting permission from his neighbor to use the name, he renamed his paper cups Dixie Cups. It should be mentioned that Moores paper cups first invented in 1908 were originally called health cups and replaced the single repeat-use metal cup that had been used with water fountains.

Mid term Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mid term Questions - Assignment Example On the other hand, computer worms do not strike a specific victim (computer). Should this happen, a state(s) or man’s civilization may retrogress by 200 years, into the pre-electricity era. Question 2 It is most likely that P2P software will be replaced by the new subscription sites such as Spotify. This is because, the fact that there are more than 22 million peers who are connected to P2P file system is likely to attract a court verdict which is inimical to the use of P2P file sharing system. Court verdicts against high-profile file-sharing systems may in turn birth the emergence of technically more superior and sophisticated platforms. This is especially the case when expedited attempts to disable P2P file systems infrastructure are made. This postulation is verified by the manner in which the shutting down of Napster changed file sharing, following a court verdict. Napster users did not deal file-sharing a coup de grace, but only gave newer and more sophisticated platforms such as KaZaa and Gnutella a larger purview. KaZaa and Gnutella also experienced the same fate in Grokster v. Supreme Court, 2005. Question 3 Lakhani postulates that the reason why Facebook is bigger than its competitors in terms of connections is partly explained by Metcalf’s Law. Originally formulated by Robert Metcalf (b. April 7, 1946), Metcalf’s Law states that a telecommunication network’s value is proportional to the square of the number of the number of users who have connected themselves into that system. To this effect, just as the value of every fax machine increases with the total sum of fax machines in the network, the total number of Facebook users with and to whom every member may posts and receives documents increases. Because of this, the greater the number of users of a social online network (Facebook) is, the more valuable Facebook services become (Lakhani, 164). Question 4 Interestingly enough, in 2006, Second Life was the future and vice ve rsa, but this is contrary to the present situation. Some of the reasons why Second Life is not the future include: technical lacunae; moral gaps; legal drawbacks; and the failure to address security concerns. According to Kane, Robinson-Combre and Berge, the technical lacunae came in the form of Second Life’s failure to budget for server resources. This is a serious failure since Second Life’s virtual real estate as an online world that is owned and run by Linden lab is used by residents who need long-term in-world content which they own, have created or both. The crux of the matter herein is that both Second Life’s residents and Linden Lab’s users make money from the former, through trading, while using virtual real estate. Thus, Second Life’s failure to budget for server resources would lead to serious legal implications which readily invited financial responsibility. For instance, the amount of land a resident owned in a region specified the num ber of objects which may be placed in the region and the area in which they may be placed. Nevertheless, alternative region servers such as network bandwidth and CPU time are seldom budgeted in like manner and thereby bringing about problematic situations (Kane, Robinson-Com

Corporate finance 501 case assigment 5 Mergers and acquisitions Essay

Corporate finance 501 case assigment 5 Mergers and acquisitions Oracle-Sun Merger - Essay Example The paper will firstly deal with the impact of this merger on the shareholders of each of the companies. The paper will also provide a brief overview of how the financial condition of both the companies has improved post the merger. The paper will further deal with how the two companies together prove to be more profitable than each of them individually and how the companies prove to be more successful. The merger of the two companies has proven to be very helpful and beneficial to the shareholders of both the companies. Issues that have been prevalent in the organizations individually are now being treated and improved. These improvements simply mean more sales and higher revenue which in turn simply means that the shareholders earn more. The businesses provide the shareholders with a high return and together the two companies are able to beat the tough competition that they faced from companies like Microsoft. Hence with the increased availability of resources and a combination of excellent products, the company will be able to generate higher revenues thereby providing the shareholders with better results and returns. In a presentation by Sun, the company has listed out a few of the benefits for the companies individually as well as in a partnership. The report stated that for the Sun customers, ‘Oracle plans to protect, extend and enhance customers’ investments after closing’ (Sun). The company also expects that there will be higher investments and innovation in the research and development and also extended value for better and more rounded off products. Also the Sun customers will be able to use the global systems and services of Oracle. In the case of the oracle customers, ‘Reduces integration costs while improving performance, reliability and security of the system’ (Sun). The customers would also gain a complete and integrated line of standards based products as